More Than Half of ICOs Fail Within 4 Months, Study Suggests

While over 4,000 ICO projects have managed to raise a combined total of around $12 billion to date - and most since January 2017 - a majority of them fail within four months of their token sales, a new study suggests.

While the figures are perhaps shocking, they should maybe be taken with a pinch of salt, as the methodology of the study leaves some wiggle-room for ICOs to exist beyond that 120-day time-frame and not be indicated so in the data.

In determining the lifespan of an ICO, the Boston College team - Hugo Benedetti and Leonard Kostovetsky - chose to use the intensity of Twitter posts to analyze the lifecycle of projects and assumed that no tweets in the fifth month meant that the project had died.

"Breaking it down by category, 83% of the 694 ICOs that don't report capital and don't list on an exchange are inactive after 120 days. For the 420 ICOs that raise some capital but don't list, this figure falls to 52%, and for the 440 ICOs that list on an exchange, only 16% are inactive in the fifth month."

The study also looked at the value of ICOs as investments and the average returns over different time-frames, after adjusting for the overall moves in the value of the cryptocurrency markets.

Benedetti and Kostovetsky found that "In contrast to IPOs, crypto-tokens continue to generate abnormal positive average returns after the ICO," with token values continuing to climb for six months after launching.

"We find evidence of significant ICO underpricing, with average returns of 179% from the ICO price to the first day's opening market price, over a holding period that averages just 16 days. Even after imputing returns of -100% to ICOs that don't list their tokens within 60 days and adjusting for the returns of the asset class, the representative ICO investor earns 82%.".

Once trading has got underway, tokens continue to grow in price, the paper continues, "Generating average buy-and-hold abnormal returns of 48% in the first 30 trading days."

Further, the researchers say: "Startups sell their tokens during the ICO at a significant discount to the opening market price, generating an average return for ICO investors of 179%, accrued over an average holding period of 16 days from the ICO end date to the listing date."

While the figures may be hard to parse for the non-academic reader, Kostovetsky told Bloomberg that "Once you go beyond three months, at most six months, they don't outperform other cryptocurrencies."